Please respond to discussion below using APA 7th edition, 3 references dated less than 4 years, and 1 interactive question.

Hello everyone!

I feel as if in each discussion I have addressed the controversy involving administering antibiotics to children when not medically necessary. I had not began clinical until recently, however; I have discovered that my preceptor will not prescribe children antibiotics unless it is his last option. You can cause the child to be resistant to certain antibiotics later in life when it is needed. “One-third of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions for pediatric acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are inappropriate,” (Kronman, M. P., Gerber, J. S., Grundmeier, R. W., Zhou, C., Robinson, J. D., Heritage, J., Stout, J., Burges, D., Hedrick, B., Warren, L., Shalowitz, M., Shone, L. P., Steffes, J., Wright, M., Fiks, A. G., & Mangione-Smith, R., 2020). I came across a study developed “to assess the effectiveness and safety of delayed antibiotic prescription (DAP) compared to immediate antibiotic prescription (IAP) and no antibiotic prescription (NAP) in children with uncomplicated respiratory infections,” (Mas-Dalmau, G., Villanueva López, C., Gorrotxategi Gorrotxategi, P., Argüelles Prendes, E., Espinazo Ramos, O., Valls Duran, T., Gonzalo Alonso, M. E., Cortés Viana, M. P., Menéndez Bada, T., Vázquez Fernández, M. E., Pérez Hernández, A. I., Muñoz Ortiz, L., Little, P., de la Poza Abad, M., Alonso-Coello, P., & DAP PEDIATRICS GROUP*, 2021). In conclusion of the study, it was found that “there was no statistically significant difference in symptom duration or severity in children with uncomplicated respiratory infections who received DAP compared to NAP or IAP strategies; however, DAP reduced antibiotic use and gastrointestinal adverse effects,” (Mas-Dalmau, G., Villanueva López, C., Gorrotxategi Gorrotxategi, P., Argüelles Prendes, E., Espinazo Ramos, O., Valls Duran, T., Gonzalo Alonso, M. E., Cortés Viana, M. P., Menéndez Bada, T., Vázquez Fernández, M. E., Pérez Hernández, A. I., Muñoz Ortiz, L., Little, P., de la Poza Abad, M., Alonso-Coello, P., & DAP PEDIATRICS GROUP*, 2021). Antibiotics is not only found to negatively effect the GI system but there are other systems that can also be negatively affected. There is “evidence that early childhood exposure to antibiotics can lead to several gastrointestinal, immunologic, and neurocognitive conditions.,” (Ramirez, J., Guarner, F., Bustos Fernandez, L., Maruy, A., Sdepanian, V. L., & Cohen, H., 2020).

References

Kronman, M. P., Gerber, J. S., Grundmeier, R. W., Zhou, C., Robinson, J. D., Heritage, J., Stout, J., Burges, D., Hedrick, B., Warren, L., Shalowitz, M., Shone, L. P., Steffes, J., Wright, M., Fiks, A. G., & Mangione-Smith, R. (2020). Reducing Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care for Respiratory Illness. Pediatrics, 146(3), e20200038. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0038

Mas-Dalmau, G., Villanueva López, C., Gorrotxategi Gorrotxategi, P., Argüelles Prendes, E., Espinazo Ramos, O., Valls Duran, T., Gonzalo Alonso, M. E., Cortés Viana, M. P., Menéndez Bada, T., Vázquez Fernández, M. E., Pérez Hernández, A. I., Muñoz Ortiz, L., Little, P., de la Poza Abad, M., Alonso-Coello, P., & DAP PEDIATRICS GROUP* (2021). Delayed Antibiotic Prescription for Children With Respiratory Infections: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics, 147(3), e20201323. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1323

Ramirez, J., Guarner, F., Bustos Fernandez, L., Maruy, A., Sdepanian, V. L., & Cohen, H. (2020). Antibiotics as Major Disruptors of Gut Microbiota. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 10, 572912. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.572912